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The periodic table, explained element by element.
An interactive table, a full page for all 118 elements, 44 calculators and 627 study guides. Free for students, teachers, lab workers and anyone curious.
Interactive periodic table
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1HHydrogen1.0082HeHelium4.00263LiLithium6.944BeBeryllium9.0121835BBoron10.816CCarbon12.0117NNitrogen14.0078OOxygen15.9999FFluorine18.9984031610NeNeon20.1811NaSodium22.989769312MgMagnesium24.30513AlAluminum26.98153814SiSilicon28.08515PPhosphorus30.97376216SSulfur32.0617ClChlorine35.4518ArArgon39.9519KPotassium39.098320CaCalcium40.07821ScScandium44.9559122TiTitanium47.86723VVanadium50.941524CrChromium51.99625MnManganese54.9380426FeIron55.84527CoCobalt58.9331928NiNickel58.69329CuCopper63.54630ZnZinc65.3831GaGallium69.72332GeGermanium72.6333AsArsenic74.9215934SeSelenium78.97135BrBromine79.90436KrKrypton83.79837RbRubidium85.46838SrStrontium87.6239YYttrium88.9058440ZrZirconium91.22241NbNiobium92.9063742MoMolybdenum95.9543TcTechnetium96.9063644RuRuthenium101.0745RhRhodium102.905546PdPalladium106.4247AgSilver107.86848CdCadmium112.4149InIndium114.81850SnTin118.7151SbAntimony121.7652TeTellurium127.653IIodine126.904554XeXenon131.2955CsCesium132.90545256BaBarium137.3372HfHafnium178.4973TaTantalum180.947974WTungsten183.8475ReRhenium186.20776OsOsmium190.2377IrIridium192.2278PtPlatinum195.0879AuGold196.9665780HgMercury200.5981TlThallium204.38382PbLead207.283BiBismuth208.980484PoPolonium208.9824385AtAstatine209.9871586RnRadon222.0175887FrFrancium223.0197388RaRadium226.02541104RfRutherfordium267.122105DbDubnium268.126106SgSeaborgium269.128107BhBohrium270.133108HsHassium269.1336109MtMeitnerium277.154110DsDarmstadtium282.166111RgRoentgenium282.169112CnCopernicium286.179113NhNihonium286.182114FlFlerovium290.192115McMoscovium290.196116LvLivermorium293.205117TsTennessine294.211118OgOganesson295.21657LaLanthanum138.905558CeCerium140.11659PrPraseodymium140.9076660NdNeodymium144.2461PmPromethium144.9127662SmSamarium150.3663EuEuropium151.96464GdGadolinium157.2565TbTerbium158.9253566DyDysprosium162.567HoHolmium164.9303368ErErbium167.2669TmThulium168.9342270YbYtterbium173.0571LuLutetium174.966789AcActinium227.0277590ThThorium232.03891PaProtactinium231.0358892UUranium238.028993NpNeptunium237.04817294PuPlutonium244.064295AmAmericium243.0613896CmCurium247.0703597BkBerkelium247.0703198CfCalifornium251.0795999EsEinsteinium252.083100FmFermium257.09511101MdMendelevium258.09843102NoNobelium259.101103LrLawrencium266.12
- Alkali metal
- Alkaline earth metal
- Transition metal
- Post-transition metal
- Metalloid
- Nonmetal
- Halogen
- Noble gas
- Lanthanide
- Actinide
Element pages
A full page for every element
Click any cell in the table, or start with one of these. Each page is written from verified public data, not copied text.
- 1HHydrogen
- 2HeHelium
- 6CCarbon
- 7NNitrogen
- 8OOxygen
- 11NaSodium
- 26FeIron
- 29CuCopper
- 47AgSilver
- 79AuGold
- 80HgMercury
- 92UUranium
On every element page
- Key facts and a full property table
- Electron configuration and shell diagram
- Isotopes with half-lives and decay modes
- Common compounds
- Uses, history and an original write-up
- FAQ and links to compare elements
Calculators
Chemistry tools
44 free calculators — from unit conversions for middle school to thermodynamics for university and dosing for industry. Every one shows its working.
- Formulas & molesMost popularMolar Mass CalculatorParses any formula — parentheses, hydrates, all of it — into a full per-element mass breakdown.
- Reactions & yieldChemical Equation BalancerBalances equations automatically and shows the coefficients step by step.
- Units & measurementChemistry Unit ConverterMass, volume, temperature, pressure, energy, density and more — every unit side by side.
- Solutions, gases & pHMolarity & Dilution CalculatorMolarity, grams of solute needed, solution volume, and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ dilutions.
- Reactions & yieldStoichiometry CalculatorGrams or moles of any reactant → amounts of every other substance, auto-balanced.
- Solutions, gases & pHpH CalculatorpH, pOH, [H⁺] and [OH⁻], plus strong and weak acid/base solutions.
- Units & measurementDensity CalculatorDensity, mass or volume in any units, with presets for common materials.
- Elements & electronsProtons, Neutrons & Electrons CalculatorSubatomic particles for any element, isotope or ion, with its nuclide symbol.
- Solutions, gases & pHTitration CalculatorUnknown concentration or volume from a titration, for any acid–base mole ratio.
- Energy & thermodynamicsSpecific Heat Calculator (q = mcΔT)Heat, mass, specific heat or temperature change, with material presets.
- Solutions, gases & pHIdeal Gas Law CalculatorSolve PV = nRT or the combined gas law in any mix of units.
- Elements & electronsElectron Configuration GeneratorFull and noble-gas notation, with an orbital box diagram, for any element.
- All tools Browse every calculator, with worked examples and FAQs on each page.
Tools for your level
- Middle school8 toolsUnit conversions, density, atoms, heat and balancing equations — the maths of first chemistry lessons.
- High school35 toolsMoles, stoichiometry, pH, gas laws, titrations and equilibria for GCSE, A level, AP and IB.
- University38 toolsThermodynamics, kinetics, electrochemistry, real gases and spectroscopy, with full working.
- Industry & lab25 toolsConcentration units, dilutions, water hardness, combustion air and ppm ↔ mg/m³ for the lab and plant.
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Periodic trends
See the patterns
Colour the table by a property, then read why the pattern happens. Each guide opens the matching heatmap.
- Atomic Radius pm Across a periodShrinks as you move left to right across a period. Down a groupGrows as you move down a group.
- First Ionization Energy eV Across a periodRises as you move left to right across a period. Down a groupFalls as you move down a group.
- Electronegativity (Pauling scale) Across a periodRises as you move left to right across a period. Down a groupFalls as you move down a group.
- Electron Affinity eV Across a periodGenerally rises left to right across a period (with real exceptions). Down a groupGenerally falls down a group (also with exceptions).
- Melting Point K Across a periodRises through the early transition metals, then falls sharply toward the nonmetals and noble gases. Down a groupVaries by block — generally falls down the main-group metals, but the pattern is less consistent among nonmetals.
- Boiling Point K Across a periodFollows roughly the same shape as melting point — peaks among the mid-transition metals, drops toward the nonmetals. Down a groupVaries by block, similarly to melting point.
- Density g/cm³ Across a periodTends to rise through the transition metals, then fall toward the lighter nonmetals. Down a groupGenerally rises down a group.
- Atomic Mass u Across a periodRises steadily left to right (each element has one more proton, and generally more neutrons). Down a groupRises steadily down a group.
Or switch the table above into heatmap, temperature or discovery-year mode. Periodic table ↑
Chemistry library
Learn the concepts
627 original articles on 16 shelves: explainers, worked examples, practice questions, lab guides and study guides.
Browse by subject
- Bonding & Molecular Structure 135
- Biochemistry & the Chemistry of Life 129
- Atomic Structure 105
- Lab Techniques & Analysis 93
- Acids, Bases & Salts 82
- The Periodic Table & Elements 39
- Moles & Chemical Calculations 12
- Nuclear Chemistry & Radioactivity 7
- Gases, Liquids, Solids & Solutions 6
- History & Famous Chemists 6
- Chemical Reactions 4
- Energy, Rates & Equilibrium 3
- Redox & Electrochemistry 2
- Environmental & Earth Chemistry 2
- Materials & Industrial Chemistry 1
- Study Guides & Teaching 1
Newest articles
- Amorphous vs Crystalline Solids: What's the Difference?Crystalline solids have long-range order; amorphous solids don't. Compare melting, fracture, X-ray patterns and uses, with quartz vs glass as the key example.Read the article
- Average Bond Enthalpies: A Reference Table with ExplanationsA grouped table of average bond enthalpies in kJ/mol, from H–H to N≡N, with the reason behind each pattern and the difference from bond dissociation energy.Read the article
- Which Substances Conduct Electricity, and Why?Metals conduct, salt solution conducts, solid salt and sugar solution don't. One rule explains them all: you need charged particles that are free to move.Read the article
For teachers & students
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